ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Effects of maternal tobacco smoking, sleeping position, and sleep state on arousal in healthy term infants

R S C Horne¹, D Ferens¹, A-M Watts¹, J Vitkovic¹, B Lacey¹, S Andrew¹, S M Cranage¹, B Chau¹, R Greaves², T M Adamson¹

¹ Department of Paediatrics and Ritchie Centre for Baby Health Research, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
² Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Women’s and Children’s Health Care Network, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Dr Horne, Department of Paediatrics, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia;
rosemary.horne{at}med.monash.edu.au

Objectives: To investigate whether a history of maternal tobacco smoking affected the maturation of arousal responses and whether sleeping position and infant age alters these relations.

Design: Healthy term infants (13 born to mothers who did not smoke and 11 to mothers who smoked during pregnancy) were studied using daytime polysomnography on three occasions: (a) two to three weeks after birth, (b) two to three months after birth, and (c) five to six months after birth. Multiple measurements of arousal threshold in response to air jet stimulation were made in both active sleep (AS) and quiet sleep (QS) when infants slept both prone and supine.

Results: Maternal smoking significantly elevated arousal threshold in QS when infants slept supine at 2–3 months of age (p<0.05). Infants of smoking mothers also had fewer spontaneous arousals from QS at 2–3 months in both prone (p<0.05) and supine (p<0.001) sleeping positions. In infants of non-smoking mothers, arousal thresholds were elevated in the prone position in AS at 2–3 months (p<0.01) and QS at 2–3 weeks (p<0.05) and 2–3 months (p<0.001).

Conclusions: Maternal tobacco smoking significantly impairs both stimulus induced and spontaneous arousal from QS when infants sleep in the supine position, at the age when the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome is highest.

Keywords: arousal; sleep; maternal smoking; sudden infant death syndrome

Abbreviations: AS, active sleep; QS, quiet sleep; SIDS, sudden infant death syndrome

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Duncan, J. R., Garland, M., Myers, M. M., Fifer, W. P., Yang, M., Kinney, H. C., Stark, R. I. (2009). Prenatal nicotine-exposure alters fetal autonomic activity and medullary neurotransmitter receptors: implications for sudden infant death syndrome. J. Appl. Physiol. 107: 1579-1590 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kinney, H. C., Thach, B. T. (2009). The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. NEJM 361: 795-805 [Full Text]  
• Moon, R. Y., Sprague, B. M., Patel, K. M. (2005). Stable Prevalence but Changing Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Child Care Settings in 2001. Pediatrics 116: 972-977 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sawnani, H., Jackson, T., Murphy, T., Beckerman, R., Simakajornboon, N. (2004). The Effect of Maternal Smoking on Respiratory and Arousal Patterns in Preterm Infants during Sleep. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169: 733-738 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Horne, R S C, Parslow, P M, Ferens, D, Watts, A-M, Adamson, T M (2004). Comparison of evoked arousability in breast and formula fed infants. Arch. Dis. Child. 89: 22-25 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Blyth, T, McKenzie, S, Horne, R S C (2003). SIDS, smoking, and arousal thresholds: conclusions not supported by data. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 88: F162-F162 [Full Text]  

eLetters:

Read all eLetters

SIDS, smoking and arousal thresholds: conclusions not supported by data

Tom Blyth, et al.

Fetal Neonatal Ed. Online, 18 Sep 2002 [Full text]

Author's Reply

Rosemary SC Horne

Fetal Neonatal Ed. Online, 19 Sep 2002 [Full text]